A History of Aromatherapy
By Diane Wood, IIHHT

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The earliest information found on the use of Aromatic
oils comes from ancient Egypt. Their priest doctors burnt Aromatic oils and
gums as offerings to their gods. These aromatics were also used for preserving
the dead. When these tombs were re-opened the scents of these oils and gums
these odours could still be smelled. The early Egyptians also used oils in a
macerated form. This is where the plant is left in a vegetable oil and, over a
period of time, the essential oils seeps into the vegetable oil.
We can ascertain from wall paintings that by about the
3rd century BC the Egyptians had discovered some distillation processes, though
these were very basic compared to the methods employed today. Water was poured
into clay pots over the plant material and the openings were covered with
woollen fibre. The pots were heated causing the Essential Oil to rise in the
steam which saturated the wool. The wool was later squeezed to obtain the
essence. Oil of Cedarwood was extracted this way and was highly prized due to
its uses for embalment, medicine and perfumery.
Another extraction method employed by the Egyptians
was by squeezing oils from exotic flowers. The blooms were collected in a large
cloth bag with sticks attached to the sides. The sticks would then be twisted
round until the bag was tightly pressed and the oil would ooze out of the
petals.
The first medical book of which we have knowledge was
written by Emperor Kiwang Ti around 2000 years BC. He refers to several
essential oils whose properties he had recognised and are basically the same as
those of today.
In the Old Testament there are many references to the
use of Aromatics. The songs of Solomon has references to the valuable source of
oils: Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranites with pleasant fruits,
camphire with spikenard, spikenard with saffron, calamus and cinnamon with all
trees of frankincense myrrh and aloes'.
In the Grecian empire medicine became subject to more
serious and scientific study. They discovered that that the odour of certain
flowers was stimulating and refreshing while others were relaxing. They also
used maceration with Olive oil which was, and still is, abundant in Greece.
These oils were used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Greek soldiers were
reputed to carry ointments with them into battle. These were made from Myrrh
which can be used for the treatment of wounds.
Hippocrates mentions a vast number of medicinal plants
in his writings. These include a large number of narcotics such as belladonna
and mandrake as well as food' plants such as rhubarb and quince.
From the Bologna School of the 13th century until the
19th century there was continual use of essential oils in the treatment of
disease. Today the centre of the essential oil industry is Grasse. Suprisingly
this came from the fact that it was and important leather making centre. In the
middle of the 16th century Catherine d'Medici imported a fashion for
scented gloves from Italy. The businessmen of Grasse were soon able to
capitalise on this as a large quantity of Lavender and herbs grew in the French
Alpine foothills. As with all these things, the fashion for scented gloves died
out and the Gantier-Perfumers gave up leatherworking and concentrated on the
production of essential oils instead. It is, however, interesting to note that
historians have related that in Paris and London during the cholera epidemic
that glovers enjoyed and immunity from the plague which was denied to
others.
The English tradition of carrying a posy of lavender
of herbs before an Assize judge dates from the time when these were the only
known antidotes against the plague, and it was their liberal use in the law
courts which allowed justice to be continued.
The early part of the 20th century brought about a
slow but natural movement towards purer forms of treatment. With this came a
rediscovery of the value of essential oils. A great amount of the credit for
the rediscovery may be given to the chemist Professor Rene Gattefosse. He used
Lavender oil as an antiseptic for the soldiers of the first world war. One
evening, whilst working in his fathers perfumery, there was an explosion which
caused Gattefosse to burn his arm. He dipped it into a vat of Lavender oil as
it was the nearest liquid to hand. He noticed that the burn healed quickly and
cleanly, leaving little scarring. He turned his attention to other oils that
could be used in dermatology and wrote a scientific paper in 1928 entitled
aromathétapie'. In 1937 Gattefosse wrote a book of the name
and thus the term Aromatherapy' was coined.
What is Aromatherapy?
AROMA: A natural treatment that uses the
concentrated energies in essential oils from plants to improve and maintain our
client's wellbeing. These oils can be used in a number of ways.
THERAPY: The manipulation of the soft tissues
of the body for therapeutic purposes. A very powerful medium which can be
applied either in a relaxing or stimulating way.
Aromatherapy is an holistic treatment in its own
right. In the hands of a professionally qualified therapist it can aid in a
range of physical and emotional problems. For example, Stress, Muscular
Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive and skin problems. The holistic form of
healing works to promote health by creating homeostasis. This means to balance
the body, mind and spirit. It does not work in the same way as orthodox forms
of medicine in that you would take an asprin' to get rid of a
headache.
Aromatherapy is more a preventative medicine. If you
have a recurring problem, for example period pains every month, you would start
treatments a few days before your periods are due to start and the oils would
hopefully ease or prevent the pain.